Tips to photograph eclipses of the Moon

Photograph of the Moon is a challenge. The comprehensive approach, the Moon is very difficult to photograph because the beam is very intense, it is difficult to get the most light in detail.

Full moon, the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. Sunlight reflects in our direction and that no shadow to present a contrast. The difference when the Lunar Crescent, which can be saved with a longer exposure or a substance more dark to show its best light.

According to Tony Hoffman of PCmag.com site of new technologies, to à photographier photographing an Eclipse of the Moon is that full, there is no magic formula. Everything depends on the type of camera and lens, moon phase, time of day or nights and local conditions. Despite this, Hoffman shares 6 tips to photograph a Lunar Eclipse to get the most beautiful photos.

1 Photograph at night. If your camera has no manual controls, choose the time of shooting at dusk. At this time, moon bright enough to be photographed on a relatively short exposure. Instead, you can count on the automatic mode. If the evening already, use flash. The flash will reduce the time of exposure for the Moon is not overexposure. For large lens plan to wear magnification settings more high.

2 Correction of a parameter. Set the ISO a number low, 80 or 100. If your camera has an even better "infinity" mode. If not, autofocus was good.

3. Use a tripod or support such support. Turn on the lens image stabilizer. Remember, a small movement makes the image, so it is not clear step. When you use a DSLR, you need a telephoto lens. If no tripod ISO 400 or more for a shorter exposure without creating too dark image. High ISO noise is also to do not use the ISO too high.

4. Do not limit your shots. With high capacity memory card, you can take photos several times on an ongoing basis. For best results, especially with a reflex digital telephoto. Take photos with different exposure length increases the chance of obtaining the best film. When the Moon nearly full, start with ISO low, usually 100 with opening f/6.6 and the length of exposure to 1 / 100 sec. periodically increase the exposure until the image becomes darker months.

5. Choose an interesting experience. Fortunately the Moon moves slowly, therefore enough time to get the background of the buildings, trees or other objects in support of the image of the Moon in the correct position.
6 Edit photos with software. Start with a black background much cut and set the brightness and contrast to get the desired results. Hoffman has generally choose reduce the saturation of the fact that the Moon is relatively colourless.

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The galaxies ' dead ' not until Matt

Astronomers at the University of Michigan study ancient galaxies and were surprised to discover that they are making new stars. Results for how galaxies glances over time. Research fellow of the Ford u Alyson and astronomy Professor juman Joel submitted its conclusions 31 May at a meeting of the Canadian Astronomical Society in London, Ontario.

Use a 3 camera widely "HST", seeing the stars and star clusters young individual in four galaxies are approximately 40 million light-years. Years of light around 5.9 trillion miles.

Ford said "scientists believed these galaxies dead finished making Star Wars a long time." "But we've shown that they are still alive, and stars at a fairly low level."

Galaxies come in two types: generally spiral galaxies like our Milky Way and elliptical galaxies. Stars in spiral galaxies are disk also contains cold, dense gas, new stars are formed regularly by Sun about one per year.

On the other hand, are the stars in elliptical galaxies billions of almost every year. These galaxies orbiting stars in every direction, like bees around the hive. Alibetikals cold gas are few, if any, and known not be stars.

Ford said that "previously be stars astronomers study looking at all the light from elliptical galaxy at once, because I usually don't see individual stars. "We trick is to make sensitive ultraviolet images with" HST ", which allows us to see individual stars.

Technology enabled astronomers to observe the stars, even if the Sun with a minimum of 100,000 annually.

Ford webrgman works to understand stellar birth rate and potential stars forming groups within alibetikals. In the milky way, stars usually form in the assemblies that contain tens to 100,000 stars. In elliptical galaxies, different circumstances because there is no disk material cold to form stars.

Ford said that "we were confused by some of the colors of objects in our images even realized it must be a star, where groups most star formation occurs in societies,".

The group came when they observed 105 Messier normal elliptical galaxy is 34 million light-years in the constellation Leo. If no previous reference to be stars in 105 Messier, Ford Bergman and bright stars, very few blue, like Star one 10 to 20 times the mass of the Sun.

They saw objects that are not blue enough to be stars, but instead are collections of many stars. When accounting for these groups, the stars are in 105 Messier average rate of the Sun once every 10,000 years, Ford webrgman. Ford said "this isn't just a dash of be stars but an ongoing process".

These results raise new secrets, the source of gas forming stars.

Juman said "we're beginning a new line of research is very exciting, but sometimes confusing,". "We hope to continue this discovery with new notes really gives us an idea about the process of star formation in galaxies ' dead '".

Source of the story:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Michigan.

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The spacecraft NASA asteroid approach video capture

 Scientists working with NASA's dawn spacecraft to create a new video shows giant asteroid Vesta as a spacecraft this world unexplored in the main asteroid belt.

Looping video 20 images found for purposes of navigation on June 1. Show photos dark feature near the Equator Vesta to move from left to right across the field of vision as Vesta rotating. Also, images appear jagged in Vesta, irregular shape, alluding to enormous crater known in Antarctica in Vesta.

Camera framing images obtained during the 30-minute show about 30 degrees rotation. And approaching the size of the pixels in the images resolution Hubble space images better than Vesta.

"Me," Yang Jianping, a participation of the University of Maryland, College Park "like strangers in a strange land, we look for familiar landmarks,". "One of those mysterious spot: to match feature, known as ' b ' feature, and it appears from images taken" Vesta Hubble space for NASA ".

By Vesta orbit on 16 July, dawn will slow down gently to about 75 mph (120 kph). NASA expects to release more photos on a weekly basis, with more frequent images available once the spacecraft collecting scientific in Vesta.

"Andreas nathois", a framework for the camera, his principal investigator at the Max Planck Institute for solar system research, Lindau, Germany katlinborg "coming Vesta to focus,". "Framing camera dawn works exactly as expected."

Mission dawn run "" Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, NASA's Science Mission Directorate, "agency in Washington. Dawn project "discovery" of the Directorate, and managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Los Angeles Huntsville responsible science mission this year. Orbital Sciences Corporation, Dulles, Virginia, designed and built the spacecraft dawn. Framing cameras were developed and built under the leadership of the Max Planck Institute "solar system research in katlinborg-Lindau Giuseppe. German (dlr) Institute of planetary research in Berlin made substantial contributions in coordination with the Institute of computer and network architecture "in Braunschweig. Camera framing funded project "Max Planck Society, aerospace and NASA. Jet Division of the California Institute of technology in Pasadena.

For more information on the dawn, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/dawn.

Source of the story:

The above story is reprinted  of materials provided from NASA Propulsion Laboratory/Jet.

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Scientists prove that ' magnetic ropes that cause solar storms '

George Mason University scientists recently discovered that the phenomenon called magnetic giant rope is solar storms. Confirm the existence of this formation is a major step in helping to mitigate possible negative effects on the solar storm blasts teleport on Earth.

This discovery by Professor Zhang JI and Zheng Xin using images from spacecraft NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) for graduate students.

Although these rebellions believed to be due to the magnetic Lasso the Sun giant was scientists previously had been unable to prove the existence of this phenomenon given how fast transfer cord.

However, Zhang was able through strict examination of images taken from telescope aerial imaging Assembly (AIA) aboard SDO, identify the Sun as a magnetic rope. AIA telescope Suite capable of taking pictures of the Sun every 10 seconds, 24 hours a day. This unprecedented rate at the time of discovery.

"Magnetic cord running solar energy explosion. Scientists have debated whether this magnetic Lasso before erupting solar energy. Zhang says that as a result of this observation, I think an excellent help to resolve this contentious issue, and finally ".

Solar storm of violence of the Sun, sending billions of tons of cargo, also called plasma, space quickly over 1 million miles per hour. Plasma cloud holds strong magnetic field. When deposited magnetic cloud reaches Earth one to three days, a large amount of energy in the Earth's magnetic field.

Usually the Earth's magnetic field protects these harmful solar winds and protect the environment. However, the potential of solar storm to disable shielding effect and produce severe space weather, which could adversely affect a wide variety of technological systems, including the operation of satellite and power systems, communications and navigation.

Zhang research will help to give early warning of solar storms and help reduce the damage caused by space weather here on Earth.

"Understanding the outbreak of these storms will help us better predict," says Zhang. "We cannot prevent solar storms, just as we cannot prevent earthquakes or volcanoes. But evolution forecasting capabilities can help to mitigate the negative effects. For example, satellite operators can power down regulations to prevent possible damage to key systems. "

It is widely believed that the Sun's magnetic fields play an essential role in energy storage and solar storms. However, the precise form that magnetic field lines before highly controversial outbursts. Most field lines loops ?????? with foot rooted on the surface of the Sun. Cannot be transformed easily, in fact, often playing the role of preventing the outbreak.

Scientists suspected that magnetic Lasso, if any, in fact, is the phenomenon which powered explosion. Magnetic rope contains many lines of the magnetic field around the Centre axis and may twist around each other. Due to distortion, electric current can be strong magnetic Lasso. In theory, could produce electricity electromagnetic force sufficient to overcome the strength of other items tied it in the field and the magnetic power cord to go abroad.

AIA now reveal pictures is long and low Canal passes through the energetic heats to temperatures up to 10 million degrees and rising slowly, before the outbreak,. When it reaches a critical point, and quickly begins to erupt. They feature different surrounding magnetic field lines. These special hot channel magnetic Lasso believed they were looking for scientists is now.

Chang is a professor in the Faculty of physics and astronomy and mathematical sciences, and worked with "space weather laboratory at George Mason University. And reported his results at the American Astronomical Society Solar Physics Division, held in Las Cruces, New Mexico on 12-16 June, 2011.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by George Mason University.

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What if our solar system formed closer to the edge of the milky way?

Our solar system is located about two-thirds of the way out from the galactic center. Further toward the Milky Way's edge, "metallicity" – the percentage of elements heavier than the two lightest and most common, the gases hydrogen and helium – generally decreases. Heavier elements are the raw material for forming rocky bodies such as planets. 

Life would be: Surprisingly, probably much the same — if it ever arose in the first place, that is.

Rocky Earth-like worlds should still develop in the Milky Way's outer rim, even though there is roughly one-third the amount of metallic elements as found in our sun's vicinity, said John Johnson, a professor of astronomy at the California Institute of Technology. These elements, however, comprise a small portion (about 1 percent) of the total starting stock for our solar system. So having two-thirds less would not translate into, say, insufficient calcium for organisms to build internal bones or shells — there would still be enough to go around.

But lower metallicity would spell doom for creating gas giants like Jupiter. These bodies are thought to begin as rocky cores. Through accretion of dust, then rocks, then boulders, and so on, they grow piecemeal to at least ten times the mass of Earth. The big planet's gravity traps stray gases, plumping up a massive atmosphere, generating stronger gravity yet. With fewer solid particles around, however, these cores take too long to form before available gases are scattered or drawn in by the fledgling solar system's star.

In turn, the lack of an outer Jupiter-size planet could have profound effects on the habitability of inner rocky worlds. Jupiter has played the role of Earth's big brother, protecting us from bullies while also hitting us with the occasional spitball. Jupiter has shielded Earth from excessive, potentially life-killing impacts from computer simulations suggest Jupiter nudged some ice-containing asteroids from the mid-solar system Earth's way, delivering much of the water that became our oceans. Life as we know it, of course, needs water.

At any rate, for a twin Earth in the Milky Way's far reaches, "civilizations that form there would look up and see less wanderers," Johnson told Life's Little Mysteries. The word "planet" comes from the Greek for "wandering star," and the ancients saw distant Jupiter and Saturn shining in the night sky only because the worlds are so large.

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Science and technology Interface

The most important factor must be the integration of science and technology. We have created boundaries between science and technology and the physical sciences and biological sciences. Even in the management of higher education, all technical India Board of education (AICTE) deal with technical and professional, and University Grants Commission (UGC) is responsible for the teaching of science. We should merge these entities or allow both to deal with science and technology in the institutes associated with these organizations. If separate us science of technology are get complicated. without the integration of technology with science, we will be not able to translate research into tangible products and create value.

An example of superior to inaugurate a second crop breeding green revolution requires knowledge of basic and applied biology. Future farmers will require a good knowledge of the biology molecular, genetic, bio-chemistry, mathematics and statistics, skills computational and materials processing laboratory. Unfortunately, this type of education is not to be exercised nor are there efforts to create interdisciplinary teams to use the knowledge of the biology molecular and genomic to produce novel seed, which would require any inputs of water and chemicals and provide more high the current varieties and hybrid performance.

For example in chemistry, those who want to research new drug molecules or pesticides need of knowledge in the biological sciences as a large number of chemicals are being synthesized and studies for use in biological entities. Research in the field of nano-materials requires a good knowledge of chemistry and physics and a sensation of technology.

To create an interface very science-technology at the University of Delhi, they launched three nuclear physics in M-Tech and development of process - form students in the areas that require scientific and technological knowledge. Students with an undergraduate degree in the natural sciences are admitted to the course of three years. We hope that this will set a new trend in developing countries an interface very science-technology.

Research is conducted to satisfy the curiosity and value creation. Research satisfied curiosity is important, but research that creates values is even more important. Indian needs strong research and development in areas that will generate value - new seeds, new drugs, electronics, new materials for developing new tangible products, industry participation in the program of research and development, it is industry which will be scaled, market and create wealth. Organizations such as the Ministry of science and technology, Department of bio-technology and scientific and Industrial Research Council have taken a step involving the industry in research projects. However, greater efforts are needed.

Basic science and research of technological development can be enhanced by improving our competitive research grant system provided by the services of the Ministry of science and technology. Submitted research projects should be approved or rejected in more than four months. Encouraging industry-University puts a repee in a research project, government agencies should be double that amount.

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Galaxy collisions teasing apart: photo Atlas of Galaxy Spitzer ' train wrecks '

ScienceDaily (May 29, 2011), our Galaxy will collide with Andromeda Galaxy five billion years from now onwards. This would represent a moment of destruction and creation. Will lose their identity as merging galaxies. Meanwhile, cosmic clouds of dust and gas will smash together, leading to the birth of new stars.

To understand our past and envision our future, we must understand what happens when galaxies collide. But since the Galaxy collisions take place over millions of billions of years, we cannot see a single from beginning to end. Instead, we must consider a variety of colliding galaxies at different stages. By combining data from space telescopes, two astronomers new ideas in collision process.

"We met Galactic Atlas" wrecks train ' from start to finish. This Atlas is the first step to read the story of how galaxies form and evolve, grow, "said lead author from Harvard Station Lanz Laurent Smithsonian Astrophysics (CFA).

Lanz view findings 25 may at 218 "American Astronomical Society.

New images combine observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope of NASA, which notes the infrared, and NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) spacecraft observed ultraviolet light. Information gathered from various parts of the light spectrum, scientists and many more than one wavelength only, because it highlights the various Galactic components.

Capture data GALEX ultraviolet emission from hot young stars. View Spitzer infrared emission from warm dust heated by those stars, and stellar surfaces. Therefore, GALEX data of UV and infrared Spitzer data in highlight areas is more speed stars, and allow more complete census together for new stars.

In General, raise Galaxy collisions are stars. However, some galaxies interacting stars produce less than others. Lance and her colleagues want to know what are the differences in physical processes varying results. And the findings will help guide computer-Galaxy Collision simulations.

"We are working with theorists to give our tests actually Lance. "We will be truly tested at five billion years ago, when faced with milky way collision".

Co-authors Lanz were Nicolas brasington (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom), Andreas zizas (University of Crete, Greece, CFA), Howard Smith and Matt Ashby (CFA); Christopher Klein (University of California at Berkeley), Patrick Johnson, Lars hernkoist, Giovanni Fazio (CFA).

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

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Astronomers find a new class of stellar explosions

Astronomers find a new class of stellar explosions they're bright and blue-and a bit strange. They are a new type of exploding star discovered recently a team of astronomers "California Institute of technology" (he) leadership. Among the most luminous in the cosmos, could help these new types of supernovae understand researchers be distant stars and galaxies and the early universe may be like.

Says Robert Kempe, post-doctoral researcher and lead author got in a paper published in nature magazine, June 9, "you learn a whole new class of supernovae that wasn't known before,". In addition to found four explosions of this kind, the Panel also discovered that two high formerly, whose identities have puzzled astronomers, also belong to this new category.

Kempe made headlines in 2007 when-as a graduate student at the University of Texas, Austin was discovered and then find the brightest Supernova ever: 100 billion times brighter than the Sun and ten times brighter than most other supernovae. 2005Ap Freelancer, it's a bit strange. On the one hand, the chemical fingerprints that spectrum says astronomers making premium and how far and what happened when Dawn was unlike any seen before. Nor is there evidence of hydrogen, there is usually at most.

Discovered by astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope "almost at the same time mysterious Supernova called SCP 06F6. This extraordinary individual, also nice and there was something that pointed that big bang like 2005ap.

Shri Kulkarni, won the John d. and Catherine t. McArthur Professor of astronomy and planetary science paper, recruit Israeli Kempe as one of the founding members of the Palomar transient factory (PTF). PTF is a clear sky and flashes of light that wasn't there before flashes indicating objects called crossing the lot. As part of the PTF use Kempe and his telescope Ocean Samuel 1.2 meters in the new Palomar Observatory Supernova discovery four. After taking spectra with 10-meter Keck Telescopes in Hawaii waltlskob 5.1 meters in Palomar 4.2 m William Herschel telescope in the Canary Islands, astronomers discovered that all four objects may be unusual spectral signature.

Then I realized if I turned a little Kempe superscope 2005ap had two years earlier started many new four such objects. Then a group all together spectra. According to the information technology boom was the best game ".

Identifies the town soon become spectrum 06F6 SCT likewise align it with others. Finally, it was found that all six Ultra Brothers and sisters, and they all have blue spectrum with wavelengths of bright in UV light.

In accordance with two mysterious Supernova 2005ap Kempe and SCP 06F6 may look different from each other because 2005ap was 3 billion light away while SCP 06F6 8 billion light away. The more distant redshift supernovae, cosmic phenomenon that extended universe wavelength of light emitted, converting Spectra UHF end red.

Four new discoveries that have similar attributes for 2005ap and SCP 06F6, medium distance, providing the missing link connected the two previously mysterious supernova. "This is what was most striking about this-that all of one standard," says kasliwal Mansi, a graduate student paper an Israeli nature.

Although astronomers know this, does anyone know much else. Kempe says "we have a whole new class of objects that cannot be explained by any of the models we've seen before". What we know as bright and hot to 10,000 to 20,000 k; it expands quickly to 10,000 kilometers per second; they lack hydrogen; take approximately 50 days dwindling away very longer than most supernovae, lighting, often by radioactive decay. So there must be other mechanism is to make it so bright.

Includes a possible model would create blast by using these properties star pulse 90 to 130 times the mass of the Sun. Magnetic pulsation blowing hydrogen-free rounds, when the star exhausts its fuel and explodes, so those missiles blast heats to welominositis temperature observation.

Requires model II the star exploding supernovae, but leaves behind the so-called magnitar, dense object speed spining with strong magnetic field. Periodic magnetic field slows down in magnitar also interacts with the particles which fills the space, releasing energy. Energy which heats the material that has already been toppled during the supernova explosion, and could explain naturally brightness of these events.

Newly discovered Supernova live in small groups, and some dark stars billion galaxies called Nano. (The milky way stars 200-400 billion). Supernovae, almost 100 times brighter than their host galaxies, highlighting their environments such as street lamps light up dark roads remote. It acts as a kind of backlighting, allowing astronomers to measure the spectrum of interstellar gas that fills the dwarf galaxies, and disclosure of the composition of each Galaxy. Once the two-note fades later, astronomers directly to study Galaxy dwarf remained not detected if it weren't for supernovae.

These supernovae can also old stars might be like, since it probably arises from massive stars about a hundred times more stars than the Sun, which was very similar to the first stars in the universe.

Kulkarni says "it's really amazing how rich night sky still difficult". "Plus," Palomar transient factory "are making tremendous progress in astronomy and astrology, as well."

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation and science foundations between United States and Israel, and Israel Science Foundation, Department of energy, Betty & Gordon Moore Foundation, Gary Cynthia binger, Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund and the Royal Society.

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The above story is reprinted  from materials provided by California Institute of technology, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS. Marcus wrote the original article.

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To send humans to Mars

What it will take a manned mission to Mars reality? The aerospace team believes and textile engineering students from the University of North Carolina "part of the solution may lie in advanced textile materials. Students joined forces to tackle challenges life support affected by aerospace industry for decades.

Textile engineering student says Brent Carter "one of the big issues, from where a manned mission to Mars, is to create residences that protect astronauts from radiation-elements to meteorites,". "Currently, NASA uses solids such as aluminium and fibreglass, carbon fibre, while effective and big and bulky and difficult to pack inside the spacecraft."

Using advanced textile materials, flexible, and can be treated with lacquer, diverse targeting students living space inflatable square feet of 1900 which can house comfortably four to six astronauts. This living space radiation shielding material such as bearing ™ dimron (used in cases of nuclear safety for workers cleaning the factory Fukushima Japan) with a narrow gas made from polyurethane substrate on the air, as well as film mitalisizid gold which reflect UV-among other things. Dome-shaped space, allowing those pesky meteors showering down prone on the red planet, bounce off the pioneer home away from home without causing major damage.

"You're using new applications of high-tech textiles and applied to problems of air space," explains Alex felt, textile engineering student and member of the group. "The ability to work with classmates in aeronautic allowed us to combine our knowledge of all disciplines really think through some original solutions."

Students also addressing another key issue blocking a manned mission to Mars-water supply. Currently, the astronauts used the so-called water production Sabatier reactor while in space. Sabatier process involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, with nickel at very high temperatures and pressure to produce methane and water.

"We want to find a way to improve current reactor Sabatier so we can still take advantage of large amounts of carbon dioxide available on Mars, and the fact that it is relatively easy to bring large quantities of hydrogen aboard spacecraft, as they are lightweight," recent graduate of aerospace engineering, Mark Kaufman, who was also in the design team.

Current Sabatier reactors, shows Kaufman, a long, heavy tubes filled with nickel pellets-not ideal for spacecraft. Student groups worked to develop fibre materials which nickel nanoparticles to create same reaction without all the weight and size. They believe the redesign would be more meaningful Sabatier reactor together in future space shuttle.

In addition to Carter, Ray wekofman, the group included also grant and Chris Tesch Gilliam wehistr Zack Aurel wekaisi Daniel page. Professor of textile engineering and aerospace engineering, Dr. Warren Jasper, a shepherd College. The Panel also received valuable information from Fred Smith, advanced life support systems engineer with NASA.

Jasper and the group will present their students in NASA sponsored competition "revolutionary aerospace systems concepts link Academy" (see El), held on 6-8 June in Cocoa Beach, Florida, NASA will judge the project experts and industry against other groups before graduating from across the country. The revision constituted to provide undergraduate engineering students the opportunity to design projects based on the NASA engineering challenges, as well as provides access to NASA for research projects and new design.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of North Carolina.

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X-ray telescope finds new black holes early voracious in universe

Using science and technology x-ray image taken deeper than ever, the Astronomical League of Michigan and found her first direct evidence that massive black holes exist in the early universe. This discovery of "Chandra x-ray Observatory of NASA to very young black holes grew more strongly than previously thought, along with the growth of the host galaxies.

By Chandra notation on a piece of the sky for more than six weeks ago, astronomers on what is known as deep South field Chandra (CDFS). When combined with photographs and infrared very deep "Hubble space" for NASA, allowing new data Chandra astronomers to search for black holes in galaxies away 200 when the universe between 800 million and 950 million years.

"We had reason to expect that black holes exist in the first of many galaxies, but dodged us looking so far. When comparing data Chandra for my theoretical models and I was stunned by their agreement. They dream of any landscape, "Marta volonteri, Professor m u in astronomy, and co-author of the study that appears in nature this week.

Growth brought means that black holes in Galactic, CDFS are very luminous, rare objects by material falling into black holes sobirmasivi. However, sources in the light of approximately 100 times CDFS, huge and black holes about 1,000 times less than those in Hungarian.

It was found that between 30 per cent and 100 per cent of remote galaxies containing black holes cultivation sobirmasivi. Extrapolation of the results of a small observation to full sky, there are black holes sobirmasivi at least 30 million people in the early universe. This is more of the estimated 10,000 Hungarian in the early universe.

"Looks like we found a whole new population of black holes," co-author Kevin shaoinski of Yale University. "We believe that these kids will grow at a rate of about one hundred or one thousand, eventually becoming like giant black holes that we see today about 13 billion years."

Predicted population of baby black holes in the early universe but noted didn't. Detailed calculations show that the total amount of black hole growth observed by the Panel about 100 times higher than past estimates.

"So far, we had no idea what the black holes in these early galaxies — or if they are even" Ezequiel trister said from the University of Hawaii, lead author of the study. "Now we know they're there, and they grow like gangbusters."

Because these black holes almost every child anshrodid in the cloud of dust and gas, optical telescopes and often cannot be detected. However, high energies can penetrate x-ray light barriers, allowing black holes within the study.

Two critical issues in black hole physics is how formed black holes first and how to grow sobirmasivi. Although the create directory for parallel growth of black holes and galaxies at distances closer, new results show that begins this Chandra connect earlier than previously thought, and maybe a parent alike.

"Most contemporary astronomers in the universe, black holes and galaxies symbiotic in how to grow," said Priya Natarajan participants from Yale University. "We have demonstrated that this relationship kodibindint has existed since the very early ages.

It has been suggested that early black holes will play an important role in removing cosmic fog hydrogen (without charge) neutral in the early universe when temperatures cooled down after the big bang. However, a study shows that dust covers Chandra and gas block ultraviolet radiation generated by black holes from travel abroad do so "rionizishn". Therefore, not growing black holes and stars might have cleared this cosmic dawn fog.

Chandra is able to detect very faint objects at great distances, but even these are masked can escape from black holes are relatively few photons, then it could not be identified separately on. Instead, technical team uses depend on the ability of Chandra very accurately determine the direction in which the x-rays to add all x-rays near distant galaxies sites and found a statistically significant.

Co-author of another nature paper is Eric gaoisir from Rutgers University in New Jersey.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Michigan.

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